Billy Ocean

De Doelen is a concert hall and convention centre in the Mauritskwartier district of Rotterdam, whose roots stretch back to 1622, when a building on the same site served as the guild hall for the city's crossbowmen. Public concerts were already being held in the seventeenth century in a predecessor building called De Doele on the Haagscheveer. A dedicated concert hall opened on the Coolsingel in 1844 and was replaced by a purpose built Doelenzaal in 1934, only to be destroyed six years later during the German bombing of Rotterdam in May 1940. The current building opened in 1966 and is considered in Rotterdam to be the symbolic culmination of the postwar reconstruction effort. In 2015 it received Rijksmonument status, recognising its cultural and historical significance. The architecture reflects its layered history: the 1960s functionalist design of the original concert hall stands alongside a more dynamic, modern conference wing added in the 1990s, when two additional halls were built to complement the original single auditorium. This dual character as both international concert venue and working conference centre gives the building an uncommon breadth of use. Classical music is the core programme, and de Doelen serves as the permanent home of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, but the stages also regularly host jazz and world music. The building has three halls of varying sizes, accommodating audiences from a few hundred to around 2,200 people in the main Grote Zaal. De Doelen also functions as the central box office for the International Film Festival Rotterdam, drawing a different crowd into its foyers each January.